Comprehensive Phonetics and Phonology – Speech Sounds, Articulatory Features, and Developmental Stages Practice Test

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• A clinician bases treatment decisions on prognosis derived from percentile scores and stimulability for a sound, with the expectation of catch-up without direct intervention. This approach is best described as which of the following?
• Which IPA symbol represents the voiceless postalveolar fricative (as in 'shop')?
• Which IPA symbol represents the voiced velar plosive?
• Which IPA symbol represents the voiceless alveolar plosive?
• Which IPA symbol represents the voiceless bilabial plosive?
• Which of the following statements about cultural competence is emphasized in the material?
• A child practiced the /ɹ/ phoneme 10 times each day during 5 minute sessions before class, 5 days per week for 10 weeks. What was the cumulative intervention intensity?
• Short-term normalization is defined as achieving speech accuracy similar to peers before what age?
• Which statement calls into question the hypothesis that there are two distinct subtypes of SSD, phonetic disorders versus phonemic disorder?
• During the free speech sample the child says "It jumped on the blocks." Which of the following is a true statement about the number of linguistic units contained in this utterance?
• Which example demonstrates within-class generalization after a training set for stopping fricatives (intermediate goal: stopping of fricatives; specific goal: /f/)?
• What is complementary distribution?
• Which IPA symbol represents the voiceless glottal fricative?
• A speech-language pathologist discharges one child with phonological delay but treats another with a phonological disorder. This decision is based on which approach to treatment planning?
• Which term describes omission of a sound in fluent speech?
• Which of the following statements about criticisms of standardized single-word articulation tests is most accurate?
• Name two English vowels that are typically lax.
• The symbol /ɹ/ represents which sound in English?
• Around what age do infants typically begin to produce their first recognizable words?
• Vowel height refers to which aspect?
• Which of the following is a phonotactic rule that characterizes English?
• Which subtype is defined by persistent articulation errors such as distortions or isolated substitutions?
• Which of the following can serve as the nucleus of a syllable (a syllabic consonant)?
• When conducting the initial diagnostic assessment some procedures are obligatory and some are optional. Which of the following lists is composed of procedures that are optional when assessing a case with suspected SSD?
• Which of the following is true about obligatory procedures in initial diagnostic assessment for suspected SSD?
• Which instructional objective is written with the required do-criterion properly indicated?
• Which one of the following words clearly has a trochaic stress pattern when spoken in isolation?
• An SLP asks a listener to identify the word “pie” when presented with words that start with different voice-onset-times. Six responses are obtained for each of the following VOTs: VOT = −20, 0/6 = pie; VOT = −10, 0/6 = pie; VOT = 0, 1/6 = pie; VOT = +10, 2/6 = pie; VOT = +20, 4/6 = pie; VOT = +30, 6/6 = pie. What VOT value corresponds to this listener’s perceptual category boundary between “pie” and “bye”?
• What is progressive assimilation?
• Which scenario indicates social impact that would warrant ongoing monitoring beyond articulation accuracy?
• Which IPA symbol represents the voiced velar plosive?
• Which of the following is a primary characteristic of a standardized measure of articulation accuracy?
• What is epenthesis? Provide an example.
• How is nasalization indicated in IPA?
• Which statement best defines acoustic phonetics?
• Which word in the sample demonstrates onset cluster reduction to a single consonant?
• The described scoring of /s/ productions labeled each response as correct or incorrect. This method is known as
• Which of the following factors should result in prioritization of a child for treatment upon diagnosis of SSD?
• Which IPA symbol represents the voiceless alveolar fricative?
• What is vowel backness?
• Which phone is produced with an obligatory constriction in the pharyngeal cavity?
• What is a phonological process?
• Coarticulation is defined as
• Which represents a possible specific goal?
• In IPA, which transcription convention uses brackets to denote surface forms?
• Which is a cyclical goal attack strategy?
• Which statement would NOT describe a criterion-referenced measure of articulation accuracy?
• According to Dodd's model for differential diagnosis, which of the following is a characteristic of articulation disorder?
• Which underlying process is implicated in Inconsistent Phonological Disorder?
• Percentile ranks in standardized articulation tests indicate how a score relates to the normative sample. Which option best captures this concept?
• What is vowel reduction?
• Which IPA symbol represents a voiced alveolar trill?
• The transition from phonetic perception to phonemic perception is associated with which developmental process?
• What is an allophone?
• Velar fronting and cluster reduction should be suppressed before what age?
• In the case described, the mild phonological delay was described using which percentile on a phonology test?
• Consider this group of sounds: [ʃ, ʒ, ʧ, ʤ]. They share the same place of articulation which is ...
• What is lexical (word) stress?
• What PCC value is approximately expected at around age 2 years?
• Minimal pair words differ by a single phoneme. Which acoustic cue helps the listener perceive the difference between words like ‘pea’ and ‘bee’?
• Which is the most accurate definition of co-articulation?
• Which technology provides data on tongue-palate contact to study lingual gestures in SSD?
• Consider the sounds [f,v]. They share the same place of articulation which is which?
• How is aspiration indicated in IPA, and provide an example?
• Percentage of consonants correct, when calculated from a free speech sample, increases gradually as the child gets older. PCC should be approximately...
• Which of the following statements best describes maximum performance tasks?
• Consider this group of sounds: [w, j, ɹ, l]. They share the same manner of articulation, they are ...
• Which IPA symbol represents the voiced alveolar fricative?
• Which word in the sample demonstrates final-position substitution, such as replacing a final velar with an alveolar?
• Which of the following lists is composed of procedures that are obligatory when assessing a case with suspected SSD?
• Which of the following types of infant vocalization is most characteristic of the primitive articulation stage of early vocal development?
• What is vowel height?
• In a cyclical goal attack, progress is defined as reducing the target process to less than what percentage?
• In classification systems for diagnosing subtypes of speech sound disorder (SSD), which aspect is typically used to classify subtypes?
• Phonological processes are common through age 5. What clinical guideline does this imply?
• A child practiced the k phoneme 100 times during 30 minute sessions scheduled once per week for 16 weeks. What was the cumulative intervention intensity (doses)?
• Which imaging technology was used to show that some children with SSD have undifferentiated lingual gestures?
• Which of the following is an example of a service delivery model?
• Which types of phonological processes are evident in this brief sample: duck → [dʌt], tree → [ti], dress → [dɛs], can → [tæn], tank → [tæn], coat → [tot], pat → [pæt], stop → [tɑp], go → [do], gate → [det], come → [tʌm]?
• Childhood Apraxia of Speech arises from miscoordination of multiple articulators. Which of the following is cited as a common sign?
• One of the purposes of a speech-language assessment is to assign a severity rating. This means the SLP determines whether the child:
• For the following speech sample, select the phonetic repertoire from the alternatives below: "bed" → [βɛe]; "face" → [fes]; "pen" → [pɛn]; "bean" → [βin]; "sheep" → [sip]; "soap" → [sop]; "monkey" → [mʌki]; "baby" → [βebi]; "lamb" → [wæm]; "yellow" → [jɛjo]; "red" → [wɛd]; "pack" → [pæck]; "rub" → [wʌb]; "four" → [fo].
• Which symbol represents a voiceless bilabial stop?
• Intonation refers to which aspect of speech?
• What is the term for the pattern where two adjacent sounds merge into a single sound, as seen in the given examples?
• Which IPA symbol represents a voiced alveolar approximant (the English r)?
• Which of the following statements accurately identifies why a 30-month-old, producing these and other similar words, has delayed phonology: 'blue' → [bwu], 'sleep' → [swip], 'face' → [fet], 'rabbit' → [wæbit], 'car' → [ka], 'duck' → [dʌk], 'lock' → [lɑk], 'zippers' → [zɪpʌ], 'man' → [mæn], 'bus' → [bʌʦ], 'bag' → [bæɡ].
• Maximum performance tasks include measures of maximum phonation duration and maximum repetition rates. These tasks help the SLP to determine if the child presents with which of the following impairments?
• Which of the following illustrates a protoword?
• What is elision? Provide an example.
• Which pair of test procedures would be most useful to identify whether a child has a motor planning disorder versus a phonological planning disorder?
• Which statement describes vowel height and backness?
• The child is said to speak a dialect when the child speaks a language that...
• Which IPA symbol represents the voiced alveolar plosive?
• What is a protoword?
• Which risk factor increases the likelihood that a child with SSD will have reading difficulties?
• Which process means a sound becomes more like a following sound?
• Which IPA symbol represents a voiced dental fricative?
• In articulation disorders, speech accuracy tends to be higher in spontaneous speech than in imitative speech. Which option reflects this?
• In the Speech Disorders Classification System, the 3 subtypes comprising Speech Delay share the same ...
• What is a common English coda cluster pattern?
• From the sample, which phoneme would be appropriate to target as an expand goal?
• Which is an example of stimulus generalization when teaching /f/ within a fricative stopping program? After the spring break,...
• Given that speech errors in Childhood Apraxia of Speech arise from miscoordination of the timing among multiple articulatory gestures, a common sign of this disorder is ...
• Which word in the sample shows initial consonant substitution?
• Which approach relies on normative data to guide intervention decisions, rather than functional outcomes?
• Which is the main component of the phonatory system?
• Which of the following test scores indicates test performance within normal limits?
• Which of the following statements about nasalization diacritics is true?
• In thinking about intervention design for SSD, which statement best reflects the role of surface speech characteristics?
• How many codas are in the phrase: “Give me two backpaks” → [ɡɪv mi tu bækpæks]?
• For the following phonetic repertoire question, select the phonetic sequence from the alternatives below: coat → [doʊt]; face → [beɪs]; garage → [dawad]; spool → [buo]; stop → [dɑp]; soup → [dup]; rabbit → [wæbɪt]; looking → [wʊtɪn]; standing → [dænɪn]; jar → [dao]; chase → [deɪs]; moon → [mun]; me → [mi].
• Which IPA symbol represents a voiced postalveolar fricative (as in 'measure')?
• Which statement best differentiates phonological delay from a phonological disorder?
• Which statement best describes dialect as used in the material?
• Which statement best indicates canonical babbling emerges earlier than first words?
• Variegated babbling is characterized by
• Phonology is primarily concerned with which aspect?
• One of the purposes of a speech-language assessment is diagnosis. What does the SLP determine?
• Consider the phonological processes that you observe in this brief sample: "duck" → [dʌt], "tree" → [ti], "dress" → [dɛs], "can" → [tæn], "tank"→ [tæn], "coat" → [tot], "pat" → [pæt], "stop" → [tɑp], "go" → [do], "gate" → [det], "come" → [tʌm], "car" → [tɑo], "rabbit" → [wæbɪt], "lake" → [wet]. If the child who produced this sample were 4 years old how concerned would you be?
• Which term describes insertion of a sound to break up a consonant cluster?
• Which syllable shapes was found to be the most frequently occurring in the speech produced by 13-month-old children?
• Which statement best describes phonemic transcription vs phonetic transcription?
• The following productions were elicited from a child to observe production of the /s/ phoneme: "soap" → [s̪op], "lacy" → [leti], "moose" → [mus]. These productions were scored as 2 errors and 1 correct response, using which method of scoring?
• Which description best matches the concept of dose in intervention planning?
• The purpose of a screening test is to identify children who are likely, upon further testing, to be diagnosed with an SSD. Which of the following is an accurate description of a good screening test?
• According to the Speech Disorders Classification System, what is the approximate frequency of speech delay-genetic among children with SSD?
• Which symbol represents a glottal fricative?
• The emergence of explicit phonological awareness skills is an important developmental stage because it permits the child to...
• Which of the following represents a possible specific goal?
• Among all children with an SSD, what is the approximate frequency of phonological delay?
• Which pair of phonemes are among the earliest acquired by English-speaking children?
• During the free speech sample the child says "It jumped on the blocks." Which of the following is a true statement about the number of linguistic units contained in this utterance?
• Phonotactic constraints describe
• Which IPA symbol represents the voiceless alveolar fricative?
• Which statement best describes the function of explicit phonological awareness skills?
• What is regressive (anticipatory) assimilation?
• Which of the following is NOT a commonly allowed English onset cluster?
• Which statement best describes the clinical implications of SSD in children?
• What best describes the developmental event when an infant shifts from language-general to language-specific phonetic perception?
• Which of the following is a common and valid criticism of standardized single-word tests of articulation accuracy?
• A common way of describing children's first word productions is to list the phones and phonotactic structures in the child's productive repertoire. What is the advantage of this method of analysis at this stage of speech and language development?
• Canonical babbling typically emerges around 6–10 months and first words around 12 months. Which statement correctly reflects these ages?
• What is the Sonority Sequencing Principle (SSP)?
• What is the difference between a phoneme and a phone?
• Which of the following tasks requires implicit phonological awareness?
• Which of the following error patterns is the best example of within-word inconsistency?
• Which of the following is an example of a percentile rank used in the context of SSD assessment?
• Which symbol denotes the voiceless postalveolar fricative, as in 'shoe'?
• What is the most accurate definition of assimilation?
• In the given repertoire, which symbol represents an alveolar nasal?
• Which place of articulation corresponds to the sounds [f] and [v]?
• What does word-final position describe?
• Children with Inconsistent Phonological Disorder produce difficult words differently each time they attempt the word. This pattern suggests a problem with which underlying speech process?
• Which of the following is a common English coda cluster?
• It is important to identify the age at which babies begin to babble because a delay may be a sign of hearing impairment. You can ask the mother if the baby babbles by asking, 'Does your baby babble, that is...?'
• How many phonemes are in the phrase “chapter five”?
• What is cluster reduction? Provide an example.
• Which of the following is NOT a criterion for identifying a phonological process in a sample of child speech?
• Which term describes the overlap of articulatory gestures due to neighboring sounds?
• Lip rounding in vowel articulation refers to:
• Which type of errors is typically associated with a phonological disorder?
• Which statement describes the two proposed SSD subtypes that are discussed in the literature?
• Which of the following is a vowel symbol in the repertoire?
• Name two English vowels that are typically tense.
• Which IPA symbol represents the voiced bilabial plosive?
• Why is a 30-month-old's phonology delayed, given examples such as blue→ [bwu] and sleep → [swip]?
• What does a positive Voice Onset Time (VOT) indicate for a stop consonant?
• Which statement best describes stress-timed languages?
• What is complementary distribution in phonology?
• Which IPA symbol represents the voiceless glottal fricative?
• Four different children produce the word "elephant" three times with the results as shown below. Which child is most likely to have Inconsistent Phonological Disorder?
• Which of the following is a potential threat to the validity of a free speech sample as a measure of the child's speech accuracy when compared to a standardized picture naming procedure?
• What does the acronym ICF stand for?
• Which pair describes the two proposed SSD subtypes that has been debated in the literature?
• Which is a vertical goal attack strategy?
• Within the Speech Disorders Classification System, persistent speech errors and motor speech disorders are thought to share which type of cause?
• Research suggests an intervention duration of how many hours for a clinically significant functional outcome in everyday communication?
• Which of the following is a primary characteristic of a criterion‐referenced measure of articulation accuracy?
• The following productions were elicited from a child to observe accuracy of the /s/ phoneme: "soap" → [s̪op], "lacy" → [leti], "moose" → [mut]. These productions were scored as one distortion and two substitutions, using which method of scoring?
• Which vowels are typically tense?
• Which type of evidence provides the best indication to try a new treatment?
• Which symbol is commonly used to indicate lexical stress on a syllable?
• Which description best fits a phoneme that persists beyond the median age of acquisition for that phoneme?
• Which instructional objective is written completely and correctly?
• The age by which 90% of consonants are produced correctly more often than not is known as the...
• Which term describes the core vowel portion of a syllable?
• Which term describes language-specific rules about permissible sound sequences?
• Which test score corresponds to an SSD with mild severity?
• Which of the following words violates the sonority sequencing principle?
• Which IPA symbol represents a voiceless dental fricative?
• From a list of possible error sounds, which sound is most likely to show early and rapid progress due to high input frequency and early age of acquisition?
• Which IPA symbol represents the voiced alveolar fricative?
• A 6-year-old girl consistently produces /l/ → [w]. In this case, the type of segment error that she produces is ...
• Which factor can contribute to fatigue during a free speech sampling session?
• Within the Speech Disorders Classification System, the frequency of the speech delay-genetic subtype is approximately which percentage?
• Which scenario is most likely to require ongoing monitoring of literacy achievement?
• Under which condition should a child be scheduled for higher intensity intervention?
• How is syllabicity indicated in IPA?
• A 5-year-old girl consistently produces /s/ → [s̪]. This is best described as what type of error?
• A syllable must have at least one of the following lower level units. Which one?
• You observe the following errors in a child's speech: "sweep" → [fip], "slip" → [fɪp]. What is the name of this error pattern?
• Which of the following is the most likely consequence of an SSD persisting past the preschool period into the school years?
• Which notation indicates aspiration following a stop?
• Which statement defines customary production?
• If the same child had two sessions per week for 12 weeks with 100 trials per session, what would be the cumulative intervention intensity?
• Consider the sounds [ʧ, ʤ]. They share the same manner of articulation; they are what type of sounds?
• Which IPA symbol represents a voiceless glottal stop?
• Reduplicated babbling is best described as
• Which statement describes a common English phonotactic pattern involving aspiration?
• Which IPA symbol represents the voiceless velar plosive?
• Which IPA symbol represents the voiceless postalveolar fricative?
• Which statement best describes how effective intervention programs for SSD are typically identified?
• What is a syllable nucleus?
• Which factor should result in prioritization of a child for treatment upon diagnosis of SSD?
• Which of the following is a definition of prevalence with respect to SSD?
• Which framework emphasizes functioning, activity, participation, and environmental factors in evaluating a speech-language impairment?
• Cultural competence requires that the speech-language pathologist...
• Which option best exemplifies surface characteristics of speech in SSD?
• Minimal pair words differ by what?
• Sander (1972) summarized normative data from many studies and identified the age at which 90% of all children produced each consonant correctly more often than not. This age for the group is referred to as the...
• Examine the brief speech sample and choose the phoneme appropriate to target as an extended goal.
• At school entry, what is the best estimate of the prevalence of speech sound disorder among children?
• Which best describes canonical babbling?